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Retention, Social Promotion, and Academic Redshirting

What Do We Know and Need to Know?

San Diego State University, nfrey{at}mail.sdsu.edu

State and district accountability systems are increasingly including retention in grade for young students who do not demonstrate adequate reading achievement levels. This article examines the research on the effectiveness of retention and other responses, including social promotion, and the growing parental practice of "academic redshirting" of children by delaying their entry into kindergarten. Recommendations for future research are discussed.

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				A. Guevremont, N. P. Roos, and M. Brownell Predictors and Consequences of Grade Retention: Examining Data From Manitoba, Canada Canadian Journal of School Psychology, June 1, 2007; 22(1): 50 - 67. [Abstract] [PDF]